Significant Increase In Body Temperature Research Articles

Acute repeated cage exchange stress modifies urinary stress and plasma metabolic profiles in male mice.

Exposure to a novel environment is psychologically and physically stressful for humans and animals. The response has been reported to involve enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity, but changes in nutrient levels under stress are not fully understood. As a form of exposure to a novel environment, repeated cage exchange (CE, four times at 2-h intervals for 8 h from 08:00 h) during the light phase with no restraint on movement was applied to A/J mice, a strain particularly prone to stress. Body temperature was measured with a temperature-sensing microchip implanted in the interscapular region. The stress conditions and anxiety level were evaluated by measuring urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and by performing an anxiety-like behavior test, respectively. Major nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the plasma were also examined. CE mice showed a significant increase in body temperature with each CE. They also showed a significantly greater reduction of body weight change, more water intake, and higher levels of urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and anxiety-like behavior score than control mice. The model revealed a significantly lower plasma glucose level and higher levels of several essential amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and phenylalanine, than those of control mice. Meanwhile, free fatty acids and several amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, proline, threonine, and tryptophan in both sets of mice were significantly decreased from the corresponding levels at 08:00 h, while similar plasma levels were exhibited between mice with and without CE. In conclusion, repeated CE stress was associated with changes in glucose and amino acids in plasma. Although further study is needed to clarify how these changes are specifically linked to anxiety-like behavior, this study suggests the potential for nutritional intervention to counter stress in humans exposed to novel environments.

IN VIVO TESTING OF ANTIPYRETIC LEAVES OF FENCE (JATROPHA CURCAS L) ORIGIN GORONTALO

Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas L) is a plant that has been used empirically as a fever reducer. Fever is one of the symptoms of the disease which is characterized by a significant increase in body temperature. The novelty of this study was due to the effectiveness of Jatropha Curca L. leaf extract as an antipyretic. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose of antipyretic effectiveness of Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha Curcas L) Leaf Extract in Male Mice (Mus Musculus). Extraction by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. 15 male mice (Mus Musculus) were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control (Na-cmc 1%), positive control (Paracetamol), and the treatment group given Jatropha leaf extract with doses of 150, 200, 250 mg/kgBW. Peptone 10% 1 ml orally as a fever inducer. And observed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after treatment. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANNOVA followed by the LSD test to determine differences between groups. The results showed that the leaf extract of Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha Curcas L) had an antipyretic effect where the most effective dose was at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW because it has a very stable temperature reducing power and effectiveness is comparable to Paracetamol. The conclusion of this study is that Jatropha Curcas L extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg can be used as an antipyretic.

Clinical, Hematological, and Biochemical Alterations Associated With Early and Late Infection of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle in Egypt

This study aimed to investigate clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations associated with early (during the first week.) and late (after one month) of lumpy skin disease (LSD) infection in cattle infected during an outbreak of LSD in Egypt. Animals which were clinically examined directly after the clinical onset of LSD showed, firm elevated skin nodules that were distributed all over the body, fever (more than 40℃) associated with anorexia, general weakness, reduced milk yield, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, and edema in the brisket and/or limbs. Examination of the affected animals one month after the disease onset revealed marked weight loss, shrunk of skin nodules and formation of sit fast. There were significant increases in body temperature, pulse and respiratory rate in all animals infected with LSD with significant decrease of ruminal movement compared to control group. DNA extracted from skin samples collected from LSD infected animals showed bands at the expected size (172 base pairs) by partial amplification of viral attachment protein using PCR. Reduced RBCS count, Hb content, HCT, and MCHC values with a significant increase in MCV in all LSD infected cows compared to the control group, while leukogram analysis revealed leucopenia and lymphopenia during the 1st week. Post-infection, however, one month post-infection revealed granulocytic leukocytosis. In addition, all LSD infected cows showed inflammatory thrombocytopenia. Animals during early LSD infection showed significant reduction in total protein, albumin, glucose and TAC and significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CPK, C-troponin-1, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, K and MDA levels compared to the control group. While animals during late infection showed significant decrease in glucose, ALT, AST, LDH, CPK, C-troponin-1, direct bilirubin, K and MDA levels and significant increase in total protein, albumin and TAC compared to the early infection group. It can be concluded that, LSD infection in cattle revealed critical alterations in some hematological and serum biochemical parameters during both early and late stages of infection with negative impact on different organ functions including skin, muscle, liver, kidney and heart.

Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine’s Effect on Temperature in Obese Critically Ill Patients

Introduction: Previous literature showed an association between hyperthermia and dexmedetomidine (DEX) use for ongoing sedation in non-obese patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate DEX’s effect on temperature in obese critically ill patients. Methods: This single center, retrospective, cohort study included patients ≥18 years, admitted to a surgical or medical ICU, received DEX for ≥8 hours as a single continuous infusion sedative, and weighed ≥120% of ideal body weight. Patients were excluded if they had a fever (≥38°C) and positive cultures within 48 hours of DEX initiation. The primary endpoint was a fever (Tmax of ≥38°C) within 48 hours of DEX initiation. Results: A total of 186 patients were included for evaluation. Forty-two patients (22.5%) had a fever during the first 48 hours of DEX initiation. Median weight was not different between the febrile and afebrile groups (99.4 [90.6-122.4] vs 97.6 [81.6-114.2] kg, P = .6). Median change from baseline temperature for all patients within 48 hours was an increase of .5 (.1-.8) °C, P < .001. In multiple regression analysis, duration of DEX and baseline temperature were the only significant predictors of fever development with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.041 (95% CI 1.009-1.074, P = .012) and 7.058 (95% CI 3.307-15.064, P < .001), respectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that there is a significant increase in body temperature from baseline for obese patients on DEX. Duration of DEX and baseline temperature were found to be risk factors for fever development in this population. Further studies are warranted.

Antipyretic Activity Test of Combination of Peperomia pellucida Extract and Andrographis paniculata in Mice (Mus musculus)

Pepper elder (Peperomia pellucida) and green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) are plants that have been used empirically to reduce fever. Fever is a symptom of a disease characterized by a significant increase in body temperature. This study aimed to determine the antipyretic effect of the combination of pepper elder herbal extract (P. pellucida) and green chiretta herbal extract (A. paniculata) (80:20) in the male house mice (Mus musculus). Extraction was conducted through maceration using ethyl acetate solvent. The total of 25 male mice were divided into 5 groups, namely a negative control group (Na-CMC 1%), a positive control group (paracetamol), and a treatment group induced by a combination of pepper elder herbal extracts and green chiretta herbal extract at the dose of (80 + 20), (40 +10), and (20 + 5) mg/kg BW. DPT vaccine 0.2 ml was used intramuscularly as a fever inducer. The observation was carried out at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after treatment. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test to determine the differences between groups. The results showed that variations in the dose of the combination of pepper elder and green chiretta herbal extracts had an antipyretic effect where the most effective dose was (80 + 20) mg/kg BW due to its stable temperature reduction power and effectiveness that are equivalent to paracetamol. The combination of suruhan herb extract (P. pellucida) and sambiloto herb (A. paniculata) has potential as an antipyretic

Ultrasound Deep Brain Stimulation Modulates Body Temperature in Mice

Body temperature plays a critical role in rehabilitation, and numerous studies proved that the regulation of body temperature contributes to the sensorimotor recovery of patients with brain diseases such as stroke. The hypothalamus plays a key role in thermoregulation. Ultrasound deep brain stimulation (UDBS) can noninvasively modulate deep brain nuclei and have potential applications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and depression, among others. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ultrasound stimulation of the hypothalamus could regulate body temperature in free-moving mice. Results showed that thermoregulation was related to ultrasonic parameters (pulse repetition frequency (PRF), duty cycle, total time, and acoustic pressure). UDBS of the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus at 500 Hz PRF could significantly reduce body temperature ( [Formula: see text] at t = 5 min, [Formula: see text] at t = 10 min, [Formula: see text] at t = 15 min). Meanwhile, UDBS of the dorsomedial hypothalamus at 10 Hz PRF triggered a significant increase in body temperature ( [Formula: see text] at t = 5 min, [Formula: see text] at t = 10 min). These results suggest that UDBS, as a noninvasive neuromodulation tool, may play a key role in the future clinical treatment of malignant hyperthermia and hypothermia.

Clinical, hematological and some biochemical alterations during diarrhea in Friesian calves naturally infected with E. coli and Salmonella

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the clinical and hemato-biochemical changes associated with diarrhea in E. coli and Salmonella pathogens in Friesian bovine calves less than one month old as well as to examine the relationship between Vit D3 and cardiac biomarkers.ResultsThe study was carried out on 43 Friesian calves from a private farm in Ash Sharqia Governorate, 33 diarrheic calves aged 1–14 days with an average body weight 43.7 ± 1.2 kg, and 10 apparently healthy calves were kept as a control group to investigate the clinical and hemato-biochemical profiles. E. coli and Salmonella pathogens were isolated from the diarrheic calves where 76% were E. coli and 24% were Salmonella. Diarrheic calves showed signs of anorexia, weakness, dullness, staggering gait, pale mucous membranes with sunken eyes and dehydration. Analysis of clinical and hemato-biochemical profile of the diarrheic calves revealed significant increase in body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, white blood cells, neutrophils, serum potassium, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, cardiac NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin I with significant decrease in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocytes, serum Vit D3, sodium, glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations.ConclusionsIt could be concluded that bacterial diarrhea has a severe negative impact on the clinical and hemato-biochemical profile of the neonatal calves with diarrhea. Serum cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) and NT-proBNP were significantly higher in neonatal calves with diarrhea, and there is an important relationship between cardiac biomarkers and vitamin D levels.

Comparison of naturally-occurring versus experimental infection of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in Laying Hens in two different age groups.

In April and November of 2018, multiple commercial laying hen flocks within the same company presented with a sharp increase in mortality and drop in egg production that persisted for several days. These flocks showed striking necropsy lesions consistent with systemic infection and responded to antimicrobial treatment in the feed. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was the most frequently isolated organism from multiple tissues including comb and wattle lesions, lungs, liver, ovary, spleen, and bone marrow. Given such an uncommon presentation of SA, which is known as a secondary opportunistic pathogen, a challenge study was conducted to evaluate its role is these disease outbreaks. In the present study, laying hens of 2 ages (22 and 96 weeks) were inoculated with SA via 3 routes: oral gavage (OG), subcutaneous injection (SC), and intravenous injection (IV). Both young and old hens in the IV group showed a significant increase in body temperature and drop in body weight; however, the clinical signs observed in the naturally-occurring outbreaks were not present. SA was re-isolated at multiple time points post-challenge from all challenge groups except the negative control group. While the SC group showed localized necrosis at the injection site, microscopic changes were different from changes observed in birds from the natural outbreaks. Despite observed initial differences in route and age, the SA challenge strain was not capable of reproducing the disease on its own. The results of this study indicate that SA may have played a role in the increased mortality, clinical signs, and necropsy lesions reported with the naturally-occurring outbreaks. However, SA should still be considered as a secondary opportunistic pathogen. Other factors that could have caused the initial insult are stress, immunosuppression, or other primary infectious agents. The results of this study may aid veterinary diagnosticians, clinicians, and all poultry professionals to include SA in their differentials list as a secondary opportunistic pathogen in similar cases. This is an uncommon presentation and further field observations and clinical studies are needed to better elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease, which will in turn help to prevent future outbreaks.

(Clinical and biochemical investigations on bacterial diarrhea in Egyptian Buffalo Calves)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate clinico-biochemical changes occurred in bacterial diarrhea in Egyptian Buffalo calves less than three months old. The study was carried out on 50 buffalo calves in El-Galaa Military farm that located in Ismailia Governorate, 40 diarrheic calves aged 55-75 days with an average body weight (35±2.5) kg were detected and 10 apparently healthy calves were kept as a control group to investigate the clinico-biochemical profiles. E. coli mixed or co-infection of Acinetobacterbaumannii/Iwoffiiss species with Klebsiella and pseudomonas species were isolated from the diarrheic calves. Diarrheic calves show signs of anorexia, weakness, dullness, staggering movement, weight loss, pale mucous membranes with sunken eyes and dehydration. Analysis of clinical and biochemical profile of the diarrheic calves revealed significant increase in body temperature, respiratory rate, skin fold test, serum potassium, chloride, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, GGT, triacylglycerols, cortisol, CRP and CPK withsignificant decrease in pulse rate, serum sodium, glucose and total protein concentrations.It could be concluded that, bacterial diarrhea has a severe negative impact on the clinical and biochemical profile of the affected buffalo calves.

Heat-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles and differential response to UPR pathway in rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the differential response of oxidative (soleus) and glycolytic (gastrocnemius) muscles to heat-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It was hypothesized that due to compositional and functional differences, both muscles respond differently to acute heat stress. To address this, male Sprague Dawley rats (12/group) were subjected to thermoneutral (25°C) or heat stress (42°C) conditions for 1h. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were removed for analysis post-exposure. A significant increase in body temperature and free radical generation was observed in both the muscles following heat exposure. This further caused a significant increase in protein carbonyl content, AOPP, and lipid peroxidation in heat-stressed muscles. These changes were more pronounced in heat-stressed soleus compared to the gastrocnemius muscle. Accumulation of unfolded, denatured proteins results in ER stress, causing activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. The expressions of UPR transducers were significantly higher in soleus as compared to the gastrocnemius muscle. A significant elevation in resting intracellular calcium ion was also observed in heat-stressed soleus muscle. Overloading of cells with misfolded proteins in soleus muscle activated ER-induced apoptosis as indicated by significant upregulation of C/EBP homologous protein and Caspase12. The study provides a detailed mechanistic representation of the differential response of muscles toward UPR under heat stress. Data suggests that soleus majorly being an oxidative muscle is more prone to heat stress-induced insult indicated by enhanced apoptosis. This study may aid in devising mitigation strategies to improve muscle performance under heat stress.

2309-PUB: Postprandial Thermogenesis Is Reduced in Obesity

Background and Aims: Postprandial thermogenesis is thought to be important for the control of metabolism. This process could be reflected by minute changes in body temperature after glucose load. In this study, we measured body temperature before and its change during a glucose challenge and investigated the relationships with anthropometric and glycemic traits. Methods: We prospectively studied 383 volunteers (251 females, 132 males) with a mean age of 46.6 (SD ± 16) years and a BMI of 27.9 kg/m2 (SD ± 5.9). All participants underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and repeated bilateral measurements of intra-auricular temperature at time points 0, 30 and 120 minutes during the OGTT using a tympanic thermometer (Covidien Genius 2). Results: Baseline temperature was 0.17°C lower in males compared to females (p = 0.001) and inversely associated with age (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). During the OGTT, there was a significant increase in body temperature (0.18 ± 0.34°C). This response was present in females and males. BMI was negatively associated with the increase of temperature during the OGTT (p = 0.0147). Participants with higher BMI displayed higher fasting temperatures, but less increase of temperature during the OGTT. Body temperature was not associated with glycemia, insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion, neither in females nor males. Conclusions: There is a robust increase in body temperature during a glucose load that can be captured by intra-auricular temperature measurements. We did not detect any associations of the body temperature with glucose metabolism, arguing against a major contribution of the variability of body temperature in the pathogenesis of diabetes. However, the rise in temperature in response to oral glucose is reduced in obesity and might therefore be involved in body weight regulation. Disclosure A. Vosseler: None. L. Fritsche: None. J. Hummel: None. C. Dannecker: None. N. Stefan: None. A.L. Birkenfeld: None. H. Haering: None. A. Fritsche: None. R. Wagner: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Heni: Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01GI0925)

Study of thermo-regulation as a worsening marker of experimental sepsis in an animal model.

Objective: to analyze variations in body temperature and in plasma nitrate and lactate concentrations in rats submitted to the experimental sepsis model.Method: a total of 40 rats divided equally into five groups. The induction of endotoxemia was performed with intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide, 0.5 mg/Kg, 1.5 mg/Kg, 3.0 mg/Kg, and 10 mg/Kg, respectively. The control group received 0.5 mL of saline solution. The experiment lasted six hours, with evaluations performed at 0 (baseline data), 2nd, 4th, and 6thhours.Results: The animals that received doses up to 3.0 mg/kg showed a significant increase in body temperature compared to the group with 10 mg/kg, which showed a decrease in these values. The increase in plasma nitrate and lactate concentrations in the groups with lipopolysaccharide was significantly higher than in the group that received the saline solution and was correlated with the increase in body temperature.Conclusion: the variations in body temperature observed in this study showed the dose-dependent effect of lipopolysaccharide and were correlated with the increase in the concentrations of nitrate and plasma lactate biomarkers. The implications of this study are the importance of monitoring body temperature, together with the assessment of these pathophysiological markers, which suggest worsening in the prognosis of sepsis.

Successional Dynamics in the Gut Microbiome Determine the Success of Clostridium difficile Infection in Adult Pig Models.

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. It is hypothesized that CDI develops due to the antibiotic-induced disruption of the intestinal microbial community structure, which allows C. difficile to flourish. Here, we pre-treated weaned pigs with the antibiotics Clindamycin or Ciprofloxacin for 1 day, and subsequently inoculated them with a human and pig enteropathogenic C. difficile strain 078 spores. Body temperature, clinical signs of disease, and the fecal microbiome were monitored daily for 15 days. Clindamycin had a stronger effect on the pigs than Ciprofloxacin, resulting in drastic shifts in the fecal microbiome, decreases in microbial diversity and significant increases in body temperature, even in the absence of C. difficile. Fecal shedding of C. difficile was detectable for 3 and 9 days in Ciprofloxacin and Clindamycin treated pigs inoculated with C. difficile, respectively, and in both cases decreased cell proliferation rates were detected in colon tissue. The timing of C. difficile shedding coincided with the decrease in a large cluster of Firmicutes following Clindamycin treatment, a pattern which was also independent of C. difficile inoculation. The observed community patterns suggest that successional dynamics following antibiotic treatment facilitate C. difficile establishment. The similarities between the microbiome responses observed in our study and those previously reported in CDI-infected humans further support the utility of adult pigs as models for the study of CDI.

Sequential Immunization with Universal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Candidates Protects Ferrets against a High-Dose Heterologous Virus Challenge.

The development of universal influenza vaccines has been a priority for more than 20 years. We conducted a preclinical study in ferrets of two sets of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) expressing chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA). These vaccines contained the HA stalk domain from H1N1pdm09 virus but had antigenically unrelated globular head domains from avian influenza viruses H5N1, H8N4 and H9N2. The viral nucleoproteins (NPs) in the two sets of universal LAIV candidates were from different sources: one LAIV set contained NP from A/Leningrad/17 master donor virus (MDV), while in the other set this gene was from wild-type (WT) H1N1pdm09 virus, in order to better match the CD8 T-cell epitopes of currently circulating influenza A viruses. To avoid any difference in protective effect of the various anti-neuraminidase (NA) antibodies, all LAIVs were engineered to contain the NA gene of Len/17 MDV. Naïve ferrets were sequentially immunized with three doses of (i) classical LAIVs containing non-chimeric HA and NP from MDV (LAIVs (NP-MDV)); (ii) cHA-based LAIVs containing NP from MDV (cHA LAIVs (NP-MDV)); and (iii) cHA-based LAIVs containing NP from H1N1pdm09 virus (cHA LAIVs (NP-WT)). All vaccination regimens were safe, producing no significant increase in body temperature or weight loss, in comparison with the placebo group. The two groups of cHA-based vaccines induced a broadly reactive HA stalk-directed antibody, while classical LAIVs did not. A high-dose challenge with H1N1pdm09 virus induced significant pathology in the control, non-immunized ferrets, including high virus titers in respiratory tissues, clinical signs of disease and histopathological changes in nasal turbinates and lung tissues. All three vaccination regimens protected animals from clinical manifestations of disease: immunized ferrets did not lose weight or show clinical symptoms, and their fever was significantly lower than in the control group. Further analysis of virological and pathological data revealed the following hierarchy in the cross-protective efficacy of the vaccines: cHA LAIVs (NP-WT) > cHA LAIVs (NP-MDV) > LAIVs (NP-MDV). This ferret study showed that prototype universal cHA-based LAIVs are highly promising candidates for further clinical development.

+(-)catechin raises body temperature, changes blood parameters, improves oocyte quality and reproductive performance of female mice

The present study aimed to explore changes in physiological and reproductive performances upon supplementation of +(-) cactechin (200 vs. 2000 mg/kg BW) in mice. In addition, body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and glucose were explored after general anesthesia of +(-)cactechin animals. Sixty albino female mice were classified into three groups; control group (G1) versus two +(-) cactechin groups [G2 (200 mg/kg BW) and G3 (2000 mg/kg BW)] for 15 days in aqueous solution. Changes of body temperature, heart rate, blood parameters, oocyte quality and reproductive performances were determined and recorded. In addition, changes of body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and glucose were measured after anesthesia. The results indicated that +(-)catechin supplementation resulted in significant increase in body temperature, blood oxygen and WBCs in addition to significant hypoglycemia. The oocytes quality and reproductive performances were improved upon +(-)catechin supplementation. +(-)catechin supplementation did not improve the negative side effects of anesthesia. In conclusion, supplementation of +(-)catechin could benefit physiological and reproductive performances in mice.

Effects of a Fusarium Toxin-Contaminated Maize Treated with Sodium Sulfite on Male Piglets in the Presence of an LPS-Induced Acute Inflammation.

We investigated the effects of feeding sodium sulfite (SoS) treated uncontaminated and Fusarium contaminated maize in a porcine lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge model. Eighty piglets (7.59 ± 0.92 kg body weight [BW]) were equally assigned to one of four experimental diets containing 10% maize, either uncontaminated and untreated (CON−, 0.09 mg deoxynivalenol [DON]/kg diet) or uncontaminated and SoS-treated (CON+, wet-preserved with 5 g SoS/kg maize; 0.05 mg DON/kg diet), or prepared with 10% of a Fusarium contaminated maize containing mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), either contaminated and untreated (FUS−, 5.36 mg DON/kg diet), or contaminated and SoS-treated (FUS+, wet-preserved with 5 g SoS/kg maize; 0.83 mg DON/kg diet). At day 42 of experiment, ten pigs of each group were injected intraperitoneally with either 7.5 µg LPS/kg BW or placebo (0.9% NaCl). At 120 min after injection, blood samples were collected to analyse TNF-α, hematological profile, clinical biochemistry as well as the redox status. A significant increase in body temperature and cytokine TNF-α concentration was observed in the LPS-injected piglets. Results for hematology, clinical chemistry and redox status indicate no effects of SoS treatment, with exception of neutrophil counts being significantly more pronounced after feeding the SoS treated FUS maize. In conclusion, SoS treatment of maize did not modulate the LPS-induced acute inflammation.

Treatment with Botulinum Toxin for Refractory Fever Caused by Severe Spasticity: A Case Series.

IntroductionBrain and spinal cord injuries may cause very severe spasticity that occasionally may be associated with persistent fever.Case SeriesWe present 14 patients with spasticity and persistent fever, treated with botulinum toxin type A. Their spasticity improved and the fever resolved within a period no greater than 48 h. In all cases, infectious and other non-infectious causes were ruled out.ConclusionsWhen sustained tonic muscular activity is associated with a significant increase in body temperature and is refractory to the usual drugs used for hyperpyrexia, type A botulinum toxin may be an effective treatment option to control both spasticity and fever.

Impact of Kangaroo Position on Serum Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants

Background: Kangaroo mother care is a standardized protocol-based care for preterm and low birth weight infants. The core feature is early positioning of the infant, prone and upright on the mother or father’s chest to maximize skin to skin proximity. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a safe and effective method of caring for low birth weight infants and is promoted for its potential to improve newborn survival. The aim of this study was to investigate serum nitric oxide (NO) in stable preterm infants before and after 60 min kangaroo position & to find out a relation between serum NO and neonatal temperature during that position. Results: showed a statistically significant increase in body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation and mean arterial blood pressure immediately after 60 min of KMC compared to the results before this maneuver. There was significant increase in NO immediately after 60 minutes KMC. Conclusion: Kangaroo position could increase body temperature through NO dependent mechanisms. KMC is effective in improving all vital signs especially Temperature in preterm infants avoiding the harmful consequences of hypothermia in those infants.

Thermal and motor behavior in experimental autoimmune encephalitis in Lewis rats

Thermoregulation in patients, who suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) is impaired and may result in either increases or decreases in body temperature. Disturbances in body temperature correlate with acute relapses, and for this reason, it is an important issue in everyday life of those who suffer from MS. Although rat experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) appeared useful for the examination of current therapies against MS, it has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of body temperature. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of EAE induction on thermal and motor behavior in the rats. Subcutaneous injection of encephalitogenic emulsion into both pads of hind feet of the Lewis rats provoked symptoms of EAE. Body temperature (Tb) and motor activity of rats were measured using biotelemetry system. We report a significant increase in body temperature within 24 h prior to the EAE manifestation (12 h average of Tb for EAE induced animals was higher by 1.07 ± 0.06 °C during day-time and by 0.5 ± 0.05 °C during night time in comparison to the control rats). On the other hand, the onset of EAE symptoms was associated with gradual decrease of body temperature, and during the first night-time Tb was lower by 1.03 ± 0.08 °C in comparison to the control rats. The inhibition of the motor activity started from the night time, 2 days before EAE onset. On the basis of our data, we concluded that the pattern of body temperature changes after EAE induction may be considered as useful symptom (prodrom) to predict precisely the time of EAE onset. Furthermore, we suggest that EAE in rats may be a suitable model to study mechanism of body temperature alternations observed in MS patients.

Neurobiological consequences of acute footshock stress: effects on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and activation in the rat brain and adrenal medulla

Stress activates selected neuronal systems in the brain and this leads to activation of a range of effector systems. Our aim was to investigate some of the relationships between these systems under basal conditions and over a 40-min period in response to footshock stress. Specifically, we investigated catecholaminergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the brain, by measuring tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, TH phosphorylation and TH activation. We also measured the effector responses by measuring plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone, corticosterone, glucose and body temperature as well as activation of adrenal medulla protein kinases, TH protein, TH phosphorylation and TH activation. The LC, ventral tegmental area and adrenal medulla all had higher basal levels of Ser19 phosphorylation and lower basal levels of Ser31 phosphorylation than the mPFC, presumably because of their cell body versus nerve terminal location, while the adrenal medulla had the highest basal levels of Ser40 phosphorylation. Ser31 phosphorylation was increased in the LC at 20 and 40 min and in the mPFC at 40 min; TH activity was increased at 40 min in both tissues. There were significant increases in body temperature between 10 and 40 min, as well as increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone at 20 min and corticosterone and glucose at 20 and 40 min. The adrenal medulla extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 was increased between 10 and 40 min and Ser31 phosphorylation was increased at 20 min and 40 min. Protein kinase A and Ser40 phosphorylation were increased only at 40 min. TH activity was increased between 20 and 40 min. TH protein and Ser19 phosphorylation levels were not altered in any of the brain regions or adrenal medulla over the first 40 min. These findings indicate that acute footshock stress leads to activation of TH in the LC, pre-synaptic terminals in the mPFC and adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, as well as changes in activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.